Tropical Lagrangian multi-sections
and
tropical locally free sheaves
Yat-Hin Suen
Center for Geometry and Physics
Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Pohang 37673
Republic of Korea
yhsuen@ibs.re.kr
Abstract.
This article is a continuation of the work [4]. We generalize the notion of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections to any dimensions. Together with some linear algebra data, we construct a special class of locally free sheaves, called tropical locally free sheaves. We will also provide the reverse construction and show that there is a 1-1 correspondence between isomorphism classes of tropical locally free sheaves and tropical Lagrangian multi-sections modulo certain equivalence.
1. Introduction
The Gross-Siebert program [6, 7, 8] gives an algebro-geometric understanding of SYZ mirror symmetry [14]. In [4], together with Chan and Ma, the author of this paper attempted to understand homological mirror symmetry [10] in terms of the Gross-Siebert setup. We introduced there the notion of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over any 2-dimensional integral affine manifold of singularities equipped with polyhedral decomposition and constructed, by fixing certain local model, a locally free sheaf over the associated scheme . We also provided a nice combinatorial condition for smoothability of the pair under some extra assumptions.
In this article, we will generalize the notion of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections to any dimension. We begin by reviewing some preliminary of the Gross-Siebert program in Section 2. In Section 3, we introduce the notion of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over any integral affine manifold with singularities equipped with a polyhedral decomposition . For this purpose, we need the notion of tropical spaces, which has been introduced in [12]. Roughly speaking, tropical spaces are spaces that allow us to talk about sheaf of affine and piecewise linear functions. A tropical Lagrangian multi-section over is then a branched covering map between tropical spaces that respect the polyhedral decomposition together with a multi-valued piecewise linear function on . Here is the multiplicity map. The multi-valued function should be thought of as certain tropical limit of the local potential of a Lagrangian multi-section of the SYZ fibration.
Given a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over . Due to its discrete nature, one shouldnβt expect can determine a sheaf on uniquely. Therefore, we need to prescribe some continuous data on top of the discrete data determined by . We will introduce in 4 two continuous data which guarantee the existence of a locally free sheave on . The idea is to apply the technique in [15] to construct a collection of toric vector bundles on each toric piece by using the multi-valued piecewise linear function on . The rank of each is given by the ramification degree of the cell . Put
which is a toric vector bundle on , whose rank is exactly the degree of the branched covering map . Then we glue the vector bundles together by using the data . However, in general, we may encounter an extra twisting data when we glue the toric strata together. In this case, there is an obstruction for gluing . This obstruction generalizes the obstruction maps appear in [6], Theorem 2.34 (the ample line bundle case) and [4], Theorem 5.5 (the 2-dimensional case).
Suppose is the associated closed gluing data of an open gluing data . The locally free sheaves can be glued to a rank locally free sheaf on via the data if and only if .
The vanishing of will give us another continuous data , which can be combined with to form . We then write for the data and denote by the set of all such data. Theorem 1.1 says that a choice of data will provide us a locally free sheaf on the scheme .
In [5], the notion of unobstructed Lagrangian submanifolds ([1] for immersed Lagrangian submanifolds) was introduced. The main feature of an unobstructed Lagrangian submanifolds is that its Floer cohomology is well-defined and hence defines an object in the Fukaya category. In particular, unobstructed Lagrangian submanifolds should have the corresponding mirror objects. Therefore, we borrow this terminology here. Namely, for a fixed gluing data , a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over is said to be unobstructed if and a pair is called a tropical Lagrangian brane (Definition 4.8).
Section 5 will be devoted to the reverse construction. Based on the construction in Section 4, we introduce the notion of tropical locally free sheaves (Definition 5.1). To such a locally free sheaf , we are able to construct a canonical tropical Lagrangian multi-section . Moreover, there is a natural data such that
We will end Section 5 by showing that we actually have an abundant sources of examples given by restricting toric vector bundles on the toric boundary of a toric variety (Theorem 5.9).
Given , Section 4 has taught us how to construct a tropical locally free sheaf while Section 5 has provided a canonical tropical Lagrangian brane out of . It is natural to compare and . In general, we may not have . This indicates the phenomenon that non-Hamiltonian isotopic or topologically different Lagrangian submanifolds can still be equivalent to each other in the derived (immersed) Fukaya category. See, for example, [3]. Therefore, we would still like to regard them as the same object. This brings us to Section 6, where we will introduce the notion of combinatorial equivalence of tropical Lagrangian branes and prove the following
Theorem 1.2 provides a slightly more geometric understanding of homological mirror symmetry in the sense that we donβt need any derived objects on both sides to achieve the correspondence. Although a tropical Lagrangian multi-section is still not yet an honest Lagrangian multi-section, one should expect that an unobstructed Lagrangian multi-section can be constructed from the data . We left this for future research.
2. The Gross-Siebert program
We give a brief review of how the scheme is constructed. We follow [6] and use the fan construction.
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities equipped with a polyhedral decomposition . Elements in are celled cells. Throughout the whole article, we assume is compact without boundary and all cells have no self-intersections. By taking the barycentric decomposition situation of , there is a canonical open cover of so that if and only if . Denote by the singular locus of , which is a union of locally closed codimension 2 submanifolds inside the codimension 1 strata of and the lattice induced by the integral structure on . For , let
for any . This lattice is independent of the choice of . We also define
For , by parallel transport along a path in starting on and ending on , we get a projection . We always assume is toric, that is, for each , there is a submersion . This gives a complete fan
on and hence a complete toric variety . To glue them together, Gross-Siebert introduced the category , whose objects are elements in and
For , the inclusion induces a natural inclusion that satisfies
for all . Hence we can take the limit
to obtain an algebraic space. One can twist this construction by a cocycle . Such an extra twisting is called a closed gluing data for the fan picture. Such cocycle give us for each , an element , which defines an automorphism . Put
Since is a 1-cocycle, we have and hence the -twisted limit
makes sense and exists in the category of algebraic spaces. In [6], Gross-Siebert also introduced an other more refined gluing data, called the open gluing data.
Definition 2.1.
An open gluing data for the fan picture is a collection , where for , is piecewise multiplicative with respective to the fan such that
(1)
, for the identity morphism.
(2)
If , we have , whenever defined.
An open gluing data is called trivial if there exists , with such that , for all . The set of all open gluing data is denoted by and the set of all trivial open gluing data is denoted by .
The set of open gluing data modulo equivalence is parametrized by the group
For an open gluing data , one associates the closed gluing data as follows. For , define to be the image of under the composition
where the last map is given by restriction.
This induces the open-to-closed map
which is injective by Proposition 2.32 in [6]. An important consequence of open gluing data is that the algebraic space can be built from some standard affine charts defined as follows. The open gluing data and the associated closed gluing data give the following commutative diagram
The colimit of the left hand side
is actually an affine scheme and hence one can construct an algebraic space by gluing and it was shown by using universal property of colimit that
as algebraic spaces (Proposition 2.30 in [6]). The fact that all cells have no self-intersections implies is actually a scheme. Moreover, Proposition 2.32 in [6] also showed that there is an isomorphism preserving toric strata if and only if .
Assume is simple and positive (see [6] for their definitions). With a suitable choice of open gluing data , Gross-Siebert have shown in [6] that carries a log structure that is log smooth off a codimension 2 locus , not containing any toric strata. Moreover, they proved in [8] that is smoothable to a formal family over . In [13], Ruddat and Siebert proved that this formal family is in fact an analytic family.
3. Tropical Lagrangian multi-sections
We introduce the notion of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over any integral affine manifold with singularities equipped with a polyhedral decomposition, generalizing the definition of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections in [4]. We use the notion of tropical space introduced in [12].
Definition 3.1.
A tropical piecewise linear space is a pair , where is a Hausdorff paracompact topological space and is a sheaf of -valued continuous functions on such that for each , there is a neighborhood of , an open subset of a polyhedral set in for some , a homeomorphism and an isomorphism . A tropical space is a tropical piecewise linear space together with a choice of subsheaf that contains the constant sheaf . We simply write for when there are no confusion on the tropical space structure.
Definition 3.2.
Let be a tropical space. The sheaf of multi-valued piecewise linear functions is defined to be the quotient sheaf .
There is a natural notion of morphisms between tropical spaces.
Definition 3.3.
Let be tropical spaces. A morphism from is a pair where is a continuous map between the underlying topological spaces and is a morphism of sheaves that maps to and to . A morphism of tropical spaces is said to be a submersion if the induced map is surjective.
The following lemma is evident.
Lemma 3.4.
Let be a topological space, be a tropical space and be a continuous map. The triple is a tropical space.
Remark 3.5.
Any cone complex induced by a fan in some -vector space is naturally a tropical space. If is a morphism of cone complexes and is a fan, we always assume the underlying topological space is equipped with the pull-back tropical structure.
Given two topological spaces , a continuous map and a function . If for any , the preimage set is finite, then we can define a function by
Now we can define branched covering map between tropical spaces.
Definition 3.6.
Let be tropical spaces. A branched covering map is a surjective morphism and a function , called the multiplicity map, such that
(1)
For any , the preimage set is finite.
(2)
For any connected open sets and connected , the function is constant on .
The degree of is defined to be the positive constant .
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities equipped with a polyhedral decomposition . It carries a natural tropical space structure . See [6], Section 1. Unless specified, we use this tropical space structure for without further notice.
Definition 3.7.
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities and a polyhedral decomposition. Let be a branched covering map between tropical spaces. A polyhedral decomposition of is a locally finite covering of by closed subsets (called cells) such that
(1)
If , then .
(2)
If , then .
(3)
For any , define the relative interior of to be
The function is constant and is an isomorphism of tropical spaces with respect to the pull-back tropical structures.
A cell is called ramified if .
Remark 3.8.
Condition (3) implies piecewise linear functions on any cell are affine functions. We use the notations and for the sheaf of piecewise linear functions and the sheaf of multi-valued piecewise linear functions on , respectively.
Given . For and , define to be the connected component of that contains .
Definition 3.9.
Let be a branched covering map of tropical spaces equipped with polyhedral decompositions. Let and be the unique cell so that . Put . A fan structure at is a branched covering map of connected cone complexes and a submersion of tropical spaces such that
where is the projection defining the fan structure at . The data is called toric if it admits a fan structure at every point.
Suppose is toric and is a piecewise linear function. Then there is an affine function and a piecewise linear function on such that
on . For contains , we denote by the slope of on . For , choose a path , which goes from a point in to a point in . Parallel transport along gives a surjection . Given and representatives , for , there exists an affine function such that
whenever defined. Therefore, via the inclusion , for any ,
for some only depends on . We simply write
if there is no confusion.
Now we can define the main object that we are going to study in this paper.
Definition 3.10.
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities and a polyhedral decomposition. A tropical Lagrangian multi-section over is a toric branched covering of tropical spaces equipped with polyhedral decomposition, together with a global section .
There is a special type of morphisms between tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over the same base .
Definition 3.11.
A covering morphism of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over is a surjective morphism of tropical spaces , mapping cells in isomorphically onto cells in such that , and .
4. From tropical Lagrangian multi-sections to locally free sheaves
Let be a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over of degree and an open gluing data. By thinking as a Lagrangian multi-section of a Lagrangian torus fibration over , the SYZ philosophy suggests the mirror of should be a holomorphic vector bundle, whose rank is same as the degree of the covering . Therefore, in this section, we would like to construct a rank locally free sheaf on . However, as mentioned in the introduction, one shouldnβt expect itself can determine a locally free sheaf due to its discrete nature. We need some extra continuous data in analogous to the linear algebra data defined in [9].
To begin, let and be a lift, we would like to construct a rank locally free sheaf on the strata . Let be the affine chart corresponds to the cone . Define
For contains , equals to the number (count with multiplicity) of lifts of that contain . We then obtain a frame for , parametrized by lifts of contains , counting with multiplicity. To define transition maps, we use the function . By the toric assumption, there is a connected cone complex over and a piecewise linear function such that represents . Let be a lift of contains and be the slope of on the cone . For , define by
where is a frame of . Put
The coefficient of each monomial entry of will be denoted by . We require them to satisfy the following
Definition 4.1.
Let . A -Kaneyama data is a collection of invertible matrices
such that
(G1)
, for all .
(G2)
if .
(G3)
For any , we have
for all .
A collection of Kaneyama data is said to be compatible if is -compatible for all and for each , there exist a collection of matrices matrix
such that
(H1)
For any contains , we have only if contains a common lift of and .
(H2)
For any contain ,
whenever .
(H3)
For and , we have
whenever and .
Remark 4.2.
Being invertible and the cocycle condition (G3) are independent of the choice of the ordering , so Definition 4.1 only depends on .
Remark 4.3.
Conditions (G1)-(G3) are generalization of the linear algebra data given in [9] to affine manifold with singularities. Given a tropical Lagrangian multi-section with degree , a Kaneyama data may not exist, even on a single toric piece (see [15], Example 5.1). Therefore, one may ask for the abundance of such data. We will prove in Theorem 5.9 that, at least in the case of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces, such data can be obtained from restricting toric vector bundles on the ambient toric variety to its boundary divisor.
Condition (G2) implies entries of are regular functions. Condition (G1) and the cocycle condition (G3) immediately implies the existence of a rank locally free sheaf on the closed toric strata . Define
which is a rank locally sheaf on .
Remark 4.4.
The local representative of determines a -action on . Namely,
for all . One can easily check that this action is compatible with the transition maps. Hence carries a structure of toric vector bundle over . The existence of equivariant structure will be important when we perform the reverse construction in Section 5.
We would like to glue together. The idea is to embed to when . To do this, we first use the data to construct an isomorphism . Define
By Condition (H1), the entries of are regular functions on . Given maximal , the composition is given by
On the other hand, the composition is given by
Now, we introduce a frequently used trick, called the slope cancellation trick. By definition of , the constant is non-zero only if contain a common lift of , say , so in particular, they contains . On the other hand, by the construction of , the constant is non-zero only if contains a common lift of and it must be as . As a whole, we conclude that all contain the lift of . Moreover, via the inclusion , the piecewise linear function
is independent of as long as , which means is actually an affine function. This implies
It is worth mentioning that we are not allowed to absorb by as may not contain .
By using the slope cancellation trick and Condition (H2), it is easy to see that
Moreover, we have
Hence defines an isomorphism.
Let be the closed gluing data associated to the open gluing data . We now define
to be the composition
where the first isomorphism is prescribed by the chosen equivariant structure on , which depends on the choice of local representatives . Explicitly, it is given by
To obtain a consistent gluing, we need the following cocycle condition
(1)
for all and . We only need to check this for any triple . Consider the composition
(2)
First note that the monomial part of a summand of (2) has exponent
with each bracketed term lies in . The corresponding summand is non-zero only if contain a common lift of . Using the slope cancellation trick, the exponent reduces to
Now, the coefficient of the -entry of (2) is given by
where is the product of the following factors
Using the slope cancellation trick again, all the slope difference becomes . Then one can easily show that
where
Using Condition (H3), the composition (2) can be simplified to
Lemma 4.5.
The 2-cocycle only depends on the lifts so that . It is then closed with respective to the CΔch differential on and its cohomology class is independent of the local representatives of .
Proof.
Let such that . We first prove the special case that contain the common lift so that
In this case, via the inclusion , we have
Hence the cocycle condition of implies
For general pair of that contains , choose a sequence of maximal cells
such that for all and for all . Then continuity of implies
for all . In particular,
for all . By the special case, we have
This proves the first part of the lemma. For the second part, it is obvious that is -closed. To show that its cohomology class is independent of the local representatives, note that any choice of another local representative of differ from by a local affine function . Then
which means and define the same cohomology class.
β
Denote the cohomology class obtained in Lemma 4.5 by . We define by
This map is well-defined because if , we have
It is clear that is a group homomorphism. Since are contractible for all , it follows that is an acyclic cover for . It was also shown is [6] that is an acyclic cover for . Therefore, we can simply write .
Theorem 4.6.
Suppose is the associated closed gluing data of an open gluing data . The locally free sheaves can be glued to a rank locally free sheaf on the scheme via the data if and only if .
Proof.
If can be glued, then it is necessary that . Hence its cohomology class equals to 1 too. Conversely, suppose . Then there exists a collection such that
We modify to a map , given by
where, up to reordering, are determined by . Then it is easy to see that
(3)
We can then define the colimit with respective to .
It remains to prove locally freeness. To do this, we describe on open subsets of . For each maximal , let
Recall that , which is an affine scheme. Denote by the inclusion, given by embedding an affine strata to the closed strata . Then
Let be two vertices of . By definition of the limit, is identified with if and only if there exists , and with
and there exists such that
for . This is an equivalence relation due to the cocycle condition of . For . Define
By Condition (H1), gives a frame for .
We prove that if is a vertex, then
The coefficient of attached to the base vector equals to
By (H1), contain a common lift of , we must have and so . In particular,
Using the formula and (H3), the sum becomes
which is the coefficient attached to in . Hence glue to a frame and gives a trivialization .
β
Remark 4.7.
The proof of Theorem 4.6 shows that for each , the trivialization
is explicitly given by mapping to . Let and . With respective to this frame, the transition map , in terms of coordinates of the open subset , is given by
for some , depending on the gluing data . We emphasis that in the sum, we have
if .
We combine the data in Definition 4.1 and the data obtained in Theorem 4.6, and simply write as this is the only data needed for the cocycle condition (3) to be satisfied. We denote the locally free sheaf obtained in Theorem 4.6 by for instance, where is the data . One would of course ask for the dependence of on the local representatives and . It is not hard to see that if is an other choice of representative of , there exists another data such that . To prove this, first note that for each and each lift of it, is independent of the choice of local representative of . It remains to consider the gluing maps . For each , is an affine function defined on . Recall that we have
If we define
then
Thus if we modify by as in the proof of Theorem 4.6, we have
Thus we have .
Definition 4.8.
Let be a tropical Lagrangian multi-section define over and be an open gluing data for the fan picture and be its associated closed gluing data. Suppose and denote the data by , where as in Definition 4.1 and as in Theorem 4.6. We denote the locally free sheaf obtained in Theorem 4.6 by . The set of all is denoted by . We say is unobstructed if and a pair is a called a tropical Lagrangian brane.
Remark 4.9.
One can enrich by a -local system on the domain . Regarding it as a constructible sheaf on , we obtain a set of specialization maps that represent . Given , one can twist the gluing data by setting
where and are lifts of that are uniquely determined by requiring . By the definition that only if contain a common lift of , it is easy to see that .
5. Tropical locally free sheaves and their associated tropical Lagrangian multi-section
As we have seen in the construction of , the restriction of to a strata is actually a toric vector bundle whose equivariant structure is determined by the fan structure and the choice of local representative of . See Remark 4.4 for the description of the equivariant structure. Recall that a strata of a toric variety is actually a closed orbit in with respective to the big torus action. Hence if is a toric vector bundle on , its restriction admits an induced big torus action and the inclusion map is equivariant with respective to the big torus action. It guides us to look at the following type of locally free sheaf over .
Definition 5.1.
Let be a locally free sheaf on and for , put . A tropical structure on is a choice of toric vector bundle structure on such that for any and toric indecomposable summand of , there exists character on such that the embedding is -equivariant. A locally free sheaf on that admits a tropical structure is called a tropical locally free sheaf.
Definition 5.1 makes sense because of the following results.
Theorem 5.2(=Theorem 1.2.3 + Corollary 1.2.4 in [2]).
Let be two toric vector bundles over a complete toric variety . Then the following statement are true.
(1)
is indecomposable torically if and only if it is indecomposable as a ordinary vector bundle.
(2)
If is a indecomposable summand of , then there exists a character such that is a toric summand of .
In particular, two indecomposable toric vector bundles on a toric variety are isomorphic as ordinary vector bundles if and only if as toric vector bundles, for some character .
Indecomposable summands of a toric vector bundle over a complete toric variety is unique up to reordering.
As a whole, we obtain a classification of toric vector bundle structures on a vector bundle.
Corollary 5.4.
Let be a toric vector over a complete toric variety . Then indecomposable summands of are toric vector bundle. Suppose is a toric vector bundle such that as ordinary vector bundles. Then by shifting indecomposable summands of , we have as toric vector bundles.
Proof.
Indecomposable summands of a vector bundle over complete reduced scheme are unique. Hence they must be the toric indecomposable summands of by (1) in Theorem 5.2. If as ordinary vector bundles, then their indecomposable summands are isomorphic. By (2) in Theorem 5.2, they are torically isomorphic up to shift of characters.
β
The construction in Section 4 indeed gave us tropical locally sheaves.
Proposition 5.5.
Let be a tropical Lagrangian brane. Then is tropical.
Proof.
Choose any representative of to give a structure of toric vector bundle over the strata . For , recall that the gluing isomorphism takes the form
on the chart with respective to equivariant frames. Let . Applying to the left hand side, we have
while when is applied to the right hand side, we have
As , the slope difference is independent of as long as , which means . This affine function gives a character on . Then it is easy to see that the map is a -equivariant embedding. In particular, is equivariant on any indecomposable summands of .
β
Given a tropical locally free sheaf on , we now construct a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over . Let . By assumption, admits a structure of toric vector bundle over the toric strata . Let be an indecomposable summand of and define
As via the first projection, we also refer them as cells. From now on, we write as and for the multiplicity of in . Let be the collection of all cells (counting with multiplicity) with the first projection being . For , we define by mapping to for which is summand of via the equality . Since is a global sheaf on , it is clear that
whenever . Define by
Then it is clear that defines an abstract branched covering (see Appendix A for this notion) over . By the construction in Appendix A, the data induce a branched covering map of tropical spaces and we denote it by .
It remains to construct the fan structure and the piecewise linear function. Letβs first make the following
Definition 5.6.
Let be a complete fan. Two tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over is said to be differ by a shift of affine function if there exists an isomorphism of weighted cone complexes such that and is an affine function on .
Let be the associated tropical Lagrangian multi-section (see [11] or [15] for the construction) of an indecomposable summand , which is always separable (Definition 3.13 and Proposition 3.21 in [15]). By Theorem 5.2, different choice of equivariant structure on only leads to a shift of affine function on .
For and , is by definition an indecomposable summand of . Hence by Theorem 5.2, up to a shift of affine function if necessary, the tropical Lagrangian multi-section is a localization (see Appendix B for this notion) of along some cone in whose projection to is . By Theorem B.4, such cone is unique as is separable. Define by
for and the slope of on the cone . Since is continuous, it is not hard to see that is well-defined and continuous. This gives the desired fan structure . Define . By Theorem 5.2, shifting by an affine function if necessary, we may assume it is a localization of if is a summand of , which means .
Definition 5.7.
Let be a tropical locally free sheaf over . The data is called the associated tropical Lagrangian multi-section of .
Given a tropical locally free sheaf , we can also associate a data such that
Indeed, exists because of the fact that each is toric. For , note that for , by definition, is mapped to a summand of for a unique . Let be equivariant frame of , respectively. By definition, there is a character so that the natural map is -equivariant. Let be an equivariant frame of on the chart . Then is of the form
for some that is non-zero only if . As is just the trivial line bundle on , we have a well-define map
This gives the data . On the other hand, the assignment
rarely be the identity, even in the case of one toric piece [15]. This indicates the fact that non-Hamiltonian equivalent Lagrangian branes can still be equivalent in the derived Fukaya category (see [3] for this phenomenon). In our case, although and are not isomorphic, they are related by a covering morphism (c.f. Definition 3.11).
Proposition 5.8.
Let . There is a covering morphism .
Proof.
For , let be the set of all lifts of so that
Then is defined to by mapping all cells in to . It is clear from the definition of that it is continuous, preserves polyhedral compositions, the piecewise linear functions and satisfies .
β
We end this section by proving the following
Theorem 5.9.
Let be a polytope centered at the origin so that the natural affine structure with singularities on the boundary is integral and be the fan obtained by taking cones of proper faces of . Let be the projective toric variety associated to a and the toric boundary. Then is a tropical locally free sheaf.
Proof.
Let be given by proper faces of . The affine structure on is given by the fan structure
for a vertex. By assumption, this affine structure with singularities is integral and we have . Since each strata of is a toric strata of , each has a natural -equivariant structure. Since is toric, it has the corresponding tropical Lagrangian multi-section over . Denote the piecewise linear function on by . For each proper face , let be the corresponding cone. Choose a splitting of the projection to equip a -equivariant structure over . Let be a toric indecomposable summand of and be its associated tropical Lagrangian multi-section. It has been shown in Theorem B.4 that is a localization of and
is an affine function in a neighborhood of the cone that we localized. Therefore, for ,
is also an affine function as long as . Note that we have and is a left inverse of . By applying , the difference
is an affine function. This affine function gives a character on so that is a -equivariant
embedding. This completes the proof of the theorem.
β
Theorem 5.9 provides us an abundant source of examples of tropical locally free sheaves that is smoothable. Indeed, when is the central fiber of a family of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces . By simply restricting the toric vector bundle on to the family , the pair is tautologically smoothable to . Although the smoothing problem in this case is trivial, it does provide us many examples of tropical locally free sheaves on that can be smoothed in any dimension.
6. The correspondence
In this section, we would like to establish a correspondence between the set of tropical free sheaves modulo isomorphism and the set of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections modulo certain non-trivial equivalence.
If two tropical locally free sheaves are isomorphic, then for any , as ordinary vector bundles on the strata . By Corollary 5.4, their indecomposable summands are isomorphic as toric vector bundles up to shift of characters on . Hence the associated tropical Lagrangian multi-sections of their indecomposable summand only differ from each other by shifts of affine functions. This gives a covering isomorphism between their associated tropical Lagrangian multi-sections. We define the equivalence between data in on a fixed tropical Lagrangian multi-section tautologically.
Definition 6.1.
Let be an unobstructed tropical Lagrangian multi-section over and . We write if .
Given two unobstructed tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over and a data . Suppose is a covering isomorphism. It is easy to provide a data for so that
(4)
In particular, if , then . However, as we have pointed out in Section 5 that non-isomorphic tropical Lagrangian multi-sections can still give rise to isomorphic tropical locally free sheaves after choosing suitable brane data. These tropical Lagrangian multi-sections should be regarded as equivalent objects in some sense. In the remaining part of this section, we explore this non-trivial equivalence.
Definition 6.2.
Let be two tropical Lagrangian multi-sections of same degree over . We write if there exists a covering morphism .
Given a covering morphism and data , we can define the push-forward of by
where are some choices of preimage cells of such that
and . It is straightforward to check that . Different choices of preimage cells of amount a permutation of the ordered frame that preserve the -action. Hence such choice wonβt affect the resulting tropical locally free sheaf.
Definition 6.3.
Let be two tropical Lagrangian branes. We write if there exists a covering morphism such that .
Definition 6.4.
Let be two tropical Lagrangian branes. We write if there exists a tropical Lagrangian brane over such that , for all . We say is combinatorially equivalent to if there exists a sequence of tropical Lagrangian branes over such that and , for all .
Remark 6.5.
The relation is only reflexive and symmetric. The notion of combinatorially equivalence is the transitive closure of and hence, an equivalent relation. Geometrically, are combinatorially equivalent means one can fold or unfold cells of to obtain in finite steps.
is the identity. It remains to shown that the assignment is surjective, that is, given , whether is combinatorially equivalent to . This follows immediately from Proposition 5.8.
β
Remark 6.7.
Since every vector bundle on splits in to direct sum of line bundles, we see that the ramification locus of is always of codimension at least 2. In particular, every tropical Lagrangian brane is combinatorial equivalent to a tropical Lagrangian brane with .
Appendix A Construction of branched covering maps of tropical spaces via discrete data
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities and a polyhedral decomposition. Branched covering of tropical spaces over can be constructed via discrete data.
Definition A.1.
Let be an integral affine manifold with singularities and be a polyhedral decomposition. A covering data over is a triple that satisfies the following
(1)
is a collection of finite sets, paramatrized by . We put
(2)
is a collection of surjections such that for , we have .
(3)
is a function such that
is a constant independent of .
We construct a branched covering map between tropical spaces as follows. Define a partial ordering on by setting
Equip the poset topology, that is, a subset is closed if and only if it satisfies
Then the map given by is continuous. There is another map mapping to , the unique cell such that , which is also continuous. Define the topological space
It is not hard to see that is in fact Hausdorff and paracompact. There is a collection of closed subsets . We can then write instead of if we regard as subsets in . Let be the first projection. It maps elements in homeomorphic to elements in . In particular, we can talk about the relative interior an element , namely,
Define by
where is the unique element in for which . Define the sheaf of piecewise linear functions on to be the sheaf
and the sheaf of affine functions on to be the sheaf associated to the presheaf
We have . Define by pulling back a germ of piecewise linear functions on to . It is clear that preserves affine functions. Hence is a branched covering map between tropical spaces that preserves polyhedral decompositions.
Appendix B Localization
Let be a complete fan and a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over it. We look at in a neighborhood of a cone and construct another tropical Lagrangian multi-section called the localization of along .
Fix . Let be a lift of , which induces a projection and a fan on . For any cone such that , the slope gives an element
Define . Let be a lift of . Define
the open star of and
We write an element in as to emphasis its dependence on . This gives a topological space
a projection , a multiplicity map , and a piecewise linear function
The slope of on a cone will be denoted by , which is of course, equals to . It is clear that is a tropical Lagrangian multi-section over . We denote it by . Itβs degree is given by .
To understand the relation between and , we define a projection by setting
where the first component is given by . Clearly, maps cones to cones and by construction, we have
For such that , by continuity of , we have
for some . As is the left inverse of the inclusion , we have
Hence
(5)
For and a maximal cone , the function
is independent of and hence a linear function defined on . Thus
(6)
on . We can generalize this to arbitrary pair of stratum as follows. For , we have , so the difference
is a linear function on . As a whole, we proved the following
Theorem B.1.
For any , by choosing a lift of the projection , there is a collection of tropical Lagrangian multi-sections over such that, for each lift of , there is a map so that
Moreover, for , the difference
is an integral linear function on .
Recall the definition of separability introduced in [15], Definition 3.13.
Definition B.2.
A tropical Lagrangian multi-section over a fan is said to be separable if it satisfies the following condition: For any and distinct lifts of , we have .
Separability is preserved under localization.
Proposition B.3.
If is separable, the tropical Lagrangian multi-section is also separable.
Proof.
Let . Suppose are two distinct lift of and contain distinct lifts of . In particular, . As we have seen, the difference is an affine function on . Thus
By separability, . Hence for any ,
Hence is also separable.
β
The relation between restriction and localization is given by the following
Theorem B.4.
Let be a toric vector bundle on and be a toric strata. Let . By choosing a lift of , admits a structure of toric vector bundle over . Moreover, if is an indecomposable summand of , the associated tropical Lagrangian multi-section of is a localization of along a unique cone.
Proof.
Let be a lift of the projection . Then it is easy to check that
defines a toric vector bundle structure on over . It is by construction that the tropical Lagrangian multi-section associated to is a localization of . Since is a summand, it must be toric by Corollary 5.4. There is an inclusion which covering . Hence is also a localization of . Separability of implies the cone that we localize is unique.
β
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